Special Session: New Books on Internet and Chinese Society

HU Yong, 眾生喧嘩 (The Rising Cacophony: Personal Expression and Public Discussion in the Internet Age), Peking University

the book is written in chinese. about the book title, he thought for a long time for the translation. he used the term, Cacophony, in a positive way. three meanings of this word. in china, internet emabled informed citizens. but in a lot of circumstances, you dont know there is a society. e.g., tangshan earthquake and sars. the appearance of informed citizens is thus a big breakthrough. mass media as the first channel, neican from xinhua news agency as the third channel, letters and visits as the forth channel. internet ecourages the formation of public opinion. internet makes freedom of assembly and association possilbe in china (they are extremely rare in china). such as fans groups and gathering of signitures. internet is not an expressing medium but also an organizing medium. there are two chinas, online and offline, real and virtual. online china is not exactly representation of offline china but it is more true. the true dimensions of china is only reviewed in virtual china. internet becomes a public opinion tool subject to control by various interest groups who have different agendas. a garden becomes a jungle. a war of public opinion is seen online. public opinion in cyberspace is officialy incorporated into the party system, which is good news. e.g., President Hu visited renming net and made a speech. internet breaks down the barrier bt citizens and officials.

four mechanisms – posts replicated on the net, snowball effect; controversial topics and heartbreaking stories catch attention; langauge itself, net speak; …

conclusion – china’s public sphere is established onlne. internet is less regulated than the traditional media. it will certainly help to develop civil society.

YANG Guobin, The Power of the Internet in China: Citizen Activism Online, Columbia University

the book is scheduled to officially publish in 2 weeks. inspiration goes to many of the colleagues. yang will read a few passages in the book.

introduction chapter: two misleading images of china internet – control and entertainment. internet-related struggles that is called online activism. a world of carnival, community and contentions. this book is about ppl’s power in the internet age. why is popular contention growing under increased internet control? what cultural forms does online acitivity take? what is the power of online activism as a force of social change?

chapter 7 on online community: utopian realism from anthony giddens. how to understand modernity in an dystopian age. 3 popular images with online communities – image of square, openness; image of home, solidarity; image of martial arts. rivers and lakes refer to a world away from the established social and political world. the heros in this world seek for justice. xia, knight warrior, has been an important part of pop culture. this chapter argues that chinese ppl impose their imagination to the online communities. this imagination has been long embedded in the history. it serves as a critique to the reality.


Jack QIU, Working-class network society: Communication technology and the information have-less in urban China, Chinese University of Hong Kong

first book panel in the circ series. a forth book on chinese telecomm and revolution came up this year too. worked since 2002. 2003 was the first circ. many of the content in the book was presented in circ series. this book grew up along circ.

will show pictures coz internet means dif things for dif ppl. lots of working class, or the info-have-less, are very dif from maoist proletarians and those british working class. the new working class in 21st century. working class is silent online but they are making the tech equipments, they are pursuing a more democratic society.

structure of the book – part i networks materialized, tech diffusion, internet cafe, wireless tech; part ii have-less ppl, not fully class-conscious, most of whom are migrants, the young and the old working class, child labor; part iii class formation, space clustering, classic events.

demonstates a map of this book.

Monroe Price’s comments - market for loyalty. gov plays as a manopoly in the market. we have seen here the efforts to enter the market. altering the structure of the market is what we have seen here. carnation, contest and conquest in katz and dynan’s book media events. geopolitical interaction and china’s intervention in other spaces such as africa.

Q&A

Q1 – how about cultures? Jack – entertainment is among the most important things. working class chinese are so bored that they spend tons of time on online activity such as qq. but the entertainment need is not fulfilled by mainstream media such as cctv. entertainment can serve as a gateway or the alternative tool for creativity. e.g., qq as entertainment and later turned into a social and political mobilization tool later. Yang – much of the internet culture is entertainment. but the social aspect about entertainment is oftne ignored. game communities are also about society. he tries to link the political to other aspects including culture. gamers also have to face censorship.

Q2 – connection bt gamine and other online communities. pseudo real china? Yang – the formation of new identity. Li Yonggang mentioned after sichuan earthquake, games use games to operate relief efforts.

Q3 – rivers and lakes are all about repurtation. Yang – yes, about honor and bravery. online comunity members use langauge to construct certain events. e.g., tianya event of a young girl seeking to save her mother via selling herself. netizens went to her city to verify this case. as soon as one is recognized as xia, he has to follow the rules of containing the honor.

Done!

Special Session: New Books on Internet and Chinese Society

 

CIRC squareAnd now, introducing our final set of panelists for a special session:
  • Yong HU, Peking University
  • Guobin YANG, Columbia University
  • Jack QIU, Working-class network society: Connubication technology and the information have-less in urban China, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • Moderator: Monroe PRICE, University of Pennsylvania

As always, you can also watch the webcast live, among other ways of staying connected with the conference’s proceedings. And full biographies of panelists are still available here.

Panel 4 Q&A

Q: In the network analysis of these communities, how do you collect data, and how do you measure and define the links in the node?

JK: Sometimes we remove sites that do a lot of internal linking, but we do find additional clusters. 

Q: For Zhang Lei – what are some of the challenges that the translation communities are facing, e.g. copyright issues from the West, or other issues from the East?

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Panel 4 Respondent: Amy E. GADSDEN

Before serving as Associate Dean for International Affairs at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, Amy Gadsden spent the past few years working closely with civil society groups on the ground, and worked for many years in China on joint cooperation projects with Chinese governmental and non-governmental agencies.  In her experience working with civil societies in China, she was often told of the difficulty of having NGOs work with each other or in different issues.  Those were the limits 8-9 years ago.

Now, she remarks on how the Internet has broken down some of those barriers in China, focusing on communities and clusters–terms each panelist has used in a different way–through a different lens.  The Internet has now allowed NGOs to be able to talk to one another about shared concerns, moving civil societies along faster than they would have otherwise.  And today, it is more likely citizen dissidents will go online instead of in the square.

Even so, the Internet can also bring out some ugly sides, enabling others to speak out and attack each other in a manner reminiscent of the Cultural Revolution.  So how does the Internet develop as a space for addressing problems?

Final note – one of the most powerful stories Isaac Mao raised in the last 20-25 years is the common man in China, and one that has been overlooked by much of media.

4.4 Isaac MAO: The role of technology in facilitating connections among people in China

Isaac Mao discusses some of his work over the past 7 years since his first blog post in 2002.

The Internet has influenced each level of the traditionally rigid social layering in China.  A big question for the highest leaders now is how can certain parties access new, not just traditional, types of media?  The better informed these leaders are, the more able they are to be able to control content and curb activist work, for example, in lower layers.  They have to be diligent to satisfy their supervisors, but they are not well connected.

IM thus classifies two groups based on whether they are better or less connected.  He suggests that we must examine how people are able to pull others from the unconnected to the connected groups.  This can be the future hope for the Chinese social system, by encouraging the emergence of new communities that can bridge between connected and unconnected groups.

IM is also seeing another change from Western media which has traditionally relied on a few sources to report back to their media formats.  Now, more reporting organizations are relying on reports from more sources and more citizen journalists.  With this change, there is hope that we can provide more of a voice for the average citizen.  

Chinese media is also changing their attitude to social media.  In the 3rd CIRC, he saw more resistance that the blogosphere could be a realistic critical mass to change media; now, attitudes have changed, and more and more journalists in China are switching to bloggers.  They are relying on alternate forms of media to express themselves.  Other professionals – lawyers and businessmen, for example – are also using their blogs for multiple uses.  IM hopes to dig into this aspect, to see how Chinese communities and social relations with each other are changing in the social media sphere.

4.3 Lei ZHANG: A Bridge of Understanding: the importance of the Internet in facilitating the most important translation community in China

Lei Zhang discusses Yeeyan, the largest social translation community on the Internet that he co-founded. The Yeeyan community translates more than 150 articles on daily basis, ranges from news stories, opinions, to scientific papers, from various languages into Chinese.

What is the kind of content of the Internet in China?  According to Wikipedia, more than 80% of web contents are in English (German follows in 4.5% and Japanese 3.1%).  LZ highly doubts the accuracy of these numbers, but still remarks that it points out the dominance of certain languages in the Internet world.  To answer this question, LZ ran queries in search engines and examines the languages of the query results.  ”Breast cancer” in English results in 38 million returns, but only 6 million in Chinese.  So there is a huge amount of content that needs to be translated into Chinese, but machine translations are inadequate to solve this language barrier problem.  

Yeeyan is a community translation approach to this problem; it is essentially a “Wikipedia for translation,” with over 40,000 translations, 8,000 translators, and 80,000 members.  LZ saw a problem of understanding divide, e.g. issues in 2008 on Tibet and nationalism, or conservatism in economic policy (which, in China, in fact means supporting anti-free market).  Translation is not a full solution, but a necessary first step in bridging the understanding divide.

The Guardian Chinese Edition is another Yeeyan project powered by community translation.

4.2 Roger DINGLEDINE: Circumvention technology and its role in China

Tor is a free software that you can use to connect to other sites on the network, even if the network doesn’t want you to.  It comes with a specification and full documentation.

Tor has about 1500 volunteers to serve as active “Tor relays,” allowing others to reroute their traffic through these volunteers.  There are about 200,000+ active users with >1 Gbit/s, and funding from the US Dept. of Defense, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Voice of America, Human Rights Watch, Google, and NLnet. 

Tor deals with “anonymity,” “privacy,” “network security,” and “reachability,” serving different interests for different user groups (government, private citizens, businesses, and blocked users). Few circumvention tools provide privacy, security, and anonymity in addition to circumvention; “circumvention” here addresses Internet filtering (as opposed to Rebecca MacKinnon’s concerns about web site censorship). RD will focus on these functionalities that Tor provides.

The goal for Tor is to distribute the relays over multiple hops, decentralizing trust so that no one intermediate hop knows who is talking to who over a sustained connection.  Tor provides three anonymity properties: (1) a LAN attacker can’t learn or influence your destination (useful for blocking resistance); (2) no single router can link you to your destination (no signing up relays to trace users); and (3) the destination can’t learn of your location (so they can’t reveal you or treat you differently).  

Tor can’t solve all problems, but it is sustainable: it is based on a community of volunteers and developers and on an open design.  Using Tor in oppressed areas – RD claims that as the firewall starts cracking down more and more, there will in fact be more Tor users who will be more “ordinary” people to be able to do what they used to do.

Another note: publicity attracts attention – the publicity attracted by censors threaten the impression of control by censors, which is arguably as, if not more, important to censors than the actual control.  We therefore control the pace of the arms race–we are not “doing against China,” but instead writing software to allow others to use for their own purposes.

Next steps: Tell the right people, keep working on the details.  Again, technical solutions will not solve the whole censorship problem (especially in countries where firewalls are socially very successful).  But a strong technical solution is still a critical piece of the puzzle.

4.1 Bruce ETLING, John KELLY & Rob FARIS: Mapping the Chinese Blogosphere

RF: Will frame the study.  Visualizes a first-generation 3D rotating map of the Chinese blogosphere.

JK: Visualizes social network diagrams of 12 different languages.  Some visual representations of languages (for Russia)–represented by concentrated, polarized areas of color–are platform-specific; others (for Arabic, Persian) are much more distributed.  

The Chinese blogosphere is a mix: it is concentrated in some areas (i.e. it is still platform-specific) but over a spread of “trading zones” (e.g. business bloggers, patriotic bloggers, bloggers based on Sohu.com or ycool.com).  Different cuts of the visualization can be via layers of traditional or simplified characters. Cluster focus index graphs show how proportionately terms are used in a given cluster relative to everyone else. The visualization also shows links and tags (e.g. tags for technology, social, news, and politics). 

Larger zones are in business and culture; interestingly, in one side are pro-state bloggers, but on the other side are overseas communities.  In the middle are critical discourse–those are the ones that get blocked.

Panel 4 – Civil Society in China: Challenges and Opportunities

CIRC squareWe’re on break now, but will soon be hearing from our Panel 4 participations:

  • Bruce ETLING, John KELLY & Rob FARIS, Harvard University 
  • Roger DINGLEDINE 
  • Lei ZHANG 
  • Isaac MAO
  • Respondent: Amy E. GADSDEN, University of Pennsylvania
  • Moderator: Kenneth FARRALL, University of Pennsylvania

Liveblogging is scheduled to begin at 3:30pm (you can also watch the webcast live, among other ways of staying connected with the conference’s proceedings). Full biographies of panelists are still available here.

Panel 3 Q&A

Q: Others have mentioned that the hapharzardness of blogging censorship seems to be one of its strengths.  What do the panelists think of this haphazardness–is it a weakness or in fact a strength?

RM: In short, yes. The fact that the lines are not clear certainly does make censorship more effective–it can have a chilling effect on users trying to post elsewhere, or cause companies to overcompensate based on directives they receive from state council and other departments are generally vague.  Companies therefore err on the side of caution, leading users to do the same.

On the other hand, some bloggers are very active (posting to multiple blogs) and determined, using these inconsistencies to their advantage.  Clever and educated bloggers know the weak points or incompetencies that they can use to their advantage, but the general public does not.

Another audience member concurs, saying that he or his friends also post to multiple blogs.

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